Day 2306 / Advanced Python features
- https://blog.edward-li.com/tech/advanced-python-features/
- Protocols
- Python slots to make accessing fields of a class faster
- for-else statements to avoid
if x is not None(): ... - etc., TODO a lot of cool stuff
- https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43770494
* did you know __init__.py is optional nowadays?
* you can do relative imports with things like "from ..other import foo"
* since 3.13 there is a @deprecated decorator that does what you think it does
* the new generics syntax also works on methods/functions: "def method[T](...)" very cool
* you can type kwargs with typeddicts and unpack: "def fn(*kwargs: Unpack[MyKwargs])"
* dataclasses (and pydantic) support immutable objects with: "class MyModel(BaseModel, frozen=True)" or "@dataclass(frozen=True)"
* class attributes on dataclasses, etc. can be defined with "MY_STATIC: ClassVar[int] = 42" this also supports abstract base classes (ABC)
* TypeVar supports binding to enforce subtypes: "TypeVar['T', bound=X]", and also a default since 3.13: "TypeVar['T', bound=X, default=int]"
* @overload is especially useful for get() methods to express that the return can't be none if the default isn't None
* instead of Union[a, b] or Optional[a] you can write "a | b" or "a | None" nowadays
* with match you can use assert_never() to ensure exhaustive matching in a "case _:" block
* typing has reveal_type() which lets mypy print the type it thinks something is
* typing's "Self" allows you to more properly annotate class method return types
* the time package has functions for monotonic clocks and others not just time()
